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| BIODIVERSITY
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| Nagaland is very rich in
bio-diversity, both flora and fauna. Even today some pockets of forests are covered with
gigantic trees, where sun- rays can not penetrate. Due to reckless and uncontrolled
cutting of trees for timber, firewood, continued Jhum cultivation and annual fire in vast
tracts of land, forests got degraded and barren, which accelerated diminishing of the most
of the original characteristics of the forests. Though geographically being a small
state, Nagaland has several types of forests, mainly because the state is mostly Tropical,
and the altitudes range from a few hundred meters to about four thousand meters. The major
types of forests found in the state, as per the classification of Champion & Seth, are
as follows. 1. Northern Tropical Wet Evergreen
Forests. 2. Northern Tropical Semi- Evergreen
Forests 3. Northern Sub- Tropical Broad
Leave Wet Hill Forests 4. Northern Sub-Tropical Pine Forests 5.
Northern Montana Wet Temperate Forests & 6.Temperate
Forests. flora: Coniferous: Pinus khasyia(Indigenous), Pinus
caribiae (Exotic),Pinus petula and Cryptomeria japonica (Exotic) Broad leaved: Lagerstromia speciosa (Ajhar), Tectona grandis (Teak), Mangifera indica (Am), Alnus nepalensis (Alder), Morus laevigata (Bola), Tetrameles nudiflora (Bhelu), Trewia nudiflora (Bhelkar), Betula alnoides (Betula), Canarium resiniferum (Dhuna), Gmelina arborea (Gomari), Cinnamomum cecicodaphne (Gonsoroi), Nyssa javanica (Gahorisopa), Terminalia myriocarpa (Hollock), Adina eligocephala (Haldisopa),Cedrela toona (Jatipoma), Podocarpus nerifolia (Jinari), Altingia exelsa (Jutuli), Duabanga grandiflora(Khokon), Albizzia procera (Koroi), Anthocephalus kadamba (Kadam), Shorea assamica (Mekai), Endospermum chinensis (Phulgomari), / Melia azadirach (Ghoora-Neem), Stereospermum chelonoides (Paroli), Magnolia spp. (Sopas), Cassia fistula (Sonaru), Bombax ceiba (Semal), Ficus nervosa (Robar), Spondias axillaris(Hog
plum), Michelia champaca (Titasopa), Bischofia javanica (Uriam), Juglans regia (Walnut), Mansonia dipikai
(Badam), Phoebe goalparensis (Bonsom), Dipterocarpus macrocarpus (Hollang), Terminalia chebula (Hilika), Schima wallichii (Gogra), Mesua ferrea (Nahar), Albizzia lebbeck (Siris), Quercus Spp. (Oaks), Artocarpus chaplasha Sam), Chukrasia tabularis (Bogipoma), Terminilia bellerica (Bahera). World tallest Rhododendron tree,
which is recorded in the Guineese Book, has
been found in Japfu Mountain of Kohima district. Medicinal Plants. Panax pseudo-gensing (Gensing), Taxus baccata (Yew), Aquilaria agallocha (Agar),Solanum khasianum, Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Aegle
marmelos (Bel), Rauvolfia serpentina
(Sarpgandha), Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha), Dioscorea deltoides (Kath Aloo), Emblica
officinalis (Amla), Swertia chirata
(Chirata), Rubia cordifolia, Oroxylum indicum,
Clerodendrum colebrookianum, Passiflora edulis Bamboo : There are 22 species of
Bamboos available in the state. The important spp.of bamboo are: 1.
Sinarundinaria
griffithiana (Munro) Chao & Renv.
( Arundinaria griffithiana
Munro) Saramati 2. Sinarundinaria
elegans (Kurz) Chao & Renv.
( Arundinaria elegans Kurz) Puliebadze, near Kohima. 3. Sinarundinaria
rolloana (Gamble) Chao & Renv.
( Arundinaria rolloana Gamble) Japfü Range, Kohima. 4. Sinarundinaria
nagalandiana Naithani 5. Chimonobambusa
callosa (Munro) Nakai
( Arundinaria callosa (Munro) Puliebadze above Kohima and Mao. 6. Neomicrocalamus
prainii (Gamble) Keng f.
(Arundinaria prainii Gamble) Puliebadze,
Japfü Range.
7. Bambusa
balcooa Roxb. Wokha 8. Bambusa
tulda Roxb. Kohima, Jaluki 9. Bambusa
palliada Munro 10. Dendrocalamus
hookeri Munro
Kohima, Wokha 11. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn ex Munro
Dimapur-Kohima Road, and
Wokha 12. Dendrocalamus
giganteus Munro 13. Dendrocalamus
calostachys (Kurz) Kurz
Phikrokezema, Dimapur and Kohima 14. Schizostachyum
polymorphum (Munro) Majumdar (Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro) Longsachu near Wokha 15. Schizostachyum
dullooa (Gamble) Majumdar ( Teinostachyum dullooa Gamble) Yikum near Wokha 16. Schizostachyum
fuchsianum (Gamble) Majumdar (Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gamble) Kohima, Zulhama-Kilomi 17.
Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz. (
M. bambusoides Trin.) Jaluki Canes: 1. Calamus rotang 2. Calamus flagellum 3
Calamus erectus 4.
Calamus gracilis 5.
Calamus floribundus
Orchids: Nagaland has about 340 spp. out of 1250 spp. of orchids found in India. Most of the Orchids here are epiphytes or lithophytes. A few terrestrial orchids are also found in the state.
FAUNA A.MAMMALS 1. Asian Elephant
Elephas maximus. 2. Gaur (Indian Bison)
Bos gaurus. 3. Jackal
Canis aurius 4. Tiger
Panthera tigris. 5. Sambar
Cervus unicolor 6. Leopard
Panthera pardus. 7. Barking Deer
Muntaiqus muntijak 8. Wild boar.
Sus scrofa 9. Sloth Bear
Melursus arsinus 10. Serow
Capricornis sumatraensis 11. Hoolock
Hylobatus hoolock 12. Common Langur
Presbytis antillus 13. Macaque
Macaca spp.
14. Leopard Cat.
Filis bengalensis 15. Himalayan Squirrel Callosciuras pygerythru 16. Pangolin.
Manis crasicaudata 17. Civet.
Vivirra Spp. 18. Wolf
Canis auririus 19. Fruit bat
Cynoptirus sphinx 20. Porcupine
Hystrix indica 21. Hispis hare
Caprogus hispisdus 22. Slow Loris
Nycticebus causeang 23. Otter
Lutra lutra 24. Wild Dog
Cuon alpinus 25. Orange billed Himalyan Squirrel Cirrus unicolor 26. Mangoose
Herpester spp. 27. Musk Deer.
Moschus moschiferous. 28. Binturong
Arctictis binturong 29. Jungle cat
Filis chaus. 30. Mole rat
Bandicota bengalensis 31. Indian
hare
Lypus nigricolis. 32. Martin Martis spp. 33. House Mouse
Mus musculus 34. Field Mouse
Mus booduga 35. Goral
Nemarahidus goral 36. Clouded Leopard
Niofolis nibulosa 37. Palm Civet
Paguna larvata 38. Wood cat
Rattus blaufardi 39. House cat
Rattus rattus 40. Fulvous fruit bat
Tousettus leschinuitas 41. Indian fox
Vulpis bengalensin B.REPTILES: Common Name
Scientific Name Monitor lizard Tortoise Python ( reticulate) King
cobra Common krait
Banded krait Viper
Common cobra c. BIRDS
Common Name
Scientific Name Greyheaded fishing eagle
Ichuophaga nana Crested serpent eagle
pilernia cleala Bearded vulture
Gypactus barbatus Forest eagle owl
Bubo nipalensis Collared pigmy owlet
Tus
bakkameena Collared scope owl
Laucidium brodei Tragopan
Tragopan blythii Kaleej Pheasants
Lophura leucemelona Common hill patridge
Arboraphila forqueola Common pheasants
Entropus simensia Red Jungle fowl
Gallus gallus Peacock pheasants
Polyplectron bicalcaratum Pintailed green pigeons
Treron apicauda Rutous turtle dove
Streptopolia orientalia Marrnbacked imperial pigeon Ducula badia Emarald dove
Chalcophapa indica Himalayan Jungle nightjar
Caprimulgus indicus Indian roller
Coracias bengalensis Chestnut threaded bee-eater
Morapa leschanaulti Bluethreated barbet
Mengalaima lineata Great barbet
Megalaima virens Great pied hornbill
Buceros bicornis Rufousnecked hornbill
Aceros nipalensis Goldenbacked throated woodepecker Dimopium shorii Darjeeling pied woodpecker
Picoides darjellensis Redaered by woodpecker
Lythipicus pyrrhotis Bluenapped pitta
Pitta nepanlensis Mrs. Gould’s sunbird
Aethopyga gapldinale Nepal Yellow backed sunbird
Aethopyga nipalensis Black breasted sunbird
Aethopyga saturata Firetailed yellow backed sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda Longtailed broadbill
Serilophus lunatus Red drumped swallow
Hirundedaurice Tyflers swallow
Hirunderustice tyleri Balcknapped ariole
Oriolus chinesis Himalayan tree pie
Dendrocitta formosee Bronzed drongo
Dicrurus aeneus Large brown thrush
Zoothera menticola Lesser racket-tailed drongo
Dicrurus renifer Large racket tailed drongo
Dicrurus paradiseau Black drongo
Dicrurus adaimilis Grey drongo
Dicrurus leucephaecus Clouded Leopard
Niofolis nibulosa The endangered species- both flora and fauna in
Nagaland and measures taken by the Government
to protect them and prevent extinction. The local population being are
intricately involved with the forests for their sustenance, be it agriculture, timber, small, timber, day to day use
items or medicinal plants etc. These forest products are also their main source of
economy. Therefore, when the main stay of the people
is dependent on forest, destruction of forests is imminent and thereby endangering many
valuable species. Due to the primitive method/ practice of cultivation (i.e slash burning)
the rich Biodiversity of the state is dwindling year by year. Most of species, both flora and
fauna, appears to be endangered due to heavy biotic pressure/ interference and reckless
deforestation. Their details are as follows. Flora: Dipterocarpous macrocarpous (Hollong), Shorea assamica ( Makai) , Rodhodendron
Spp. , Mesua ferra (Nahar), are rare and endangered spp. Panax gensing (Gensing) is found only in
Tuensang district at higher altitude. It is endangered. Aquilaria agallocha (Agar )is also a endangered
species. Rare and Endangered species of Orchids available in Nagaland are as follows, Thunia
1 spp, Arundinaria graminifolia ( Bamboo orchid), Renenthera (Red vanda), ,Rhynchostylis ( fox tail), Pleoni, Phauis (ground orchid) 2 spp, Paphiopedilum 1 spp, Cymbidium tigrinum 1 spp. The Govt. is taking measures for
propagation conservation and protection of these spp. through different afforestation
schemes. Fauna: The largest Asian mammal, Elephant is endangered spp. The other endangered spps are Melurses ursinus (Sloth Bear ), Prionodon pardicolor (Spotted linsang, Tiger-civet), Panthera tigris (Tiger) , Macaca assamensis (Tailed Pig). The Gaur, or Indian Bison in habitats in Intangki National Park and Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary and other hilly areas is facing extinction from Nagaland The different Horn bills and Tortoise are also endangered. Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Recently (i.e. on 27.2.2002) the department and NEHU (Shillong) has conducted workshop in Dimapur on state level Biodiversity strategy and action plan for conservation and protection of various ecosystems. During workshop people from all walks of society have participated and a draft action plan has been prepared. |